Resource Adequacy with Large Loads: Planning for Flexibility to Accelerate Integration examines how utilities, regional grid operators, and large load customers can address growing resource adequacy risks as electricity demand grows faster than it has in decades, spurred by unprecedented load growth driven by data centers, advanced manufacturing, and other very large loads.
This report, produced by ESIG’s Large Loads Task Force, finds that the power industry has largely responded to the rapid growth of data centers, industrial facilities, and other large loads through short-term measures—including interconnection moratoriums, curtailment programs, and bring-your-own-generation arrangements. While these tools address immediate pressures, the task force finds they are insufficient on their own when not integrated into long-term planning.
The report presents a six-step framework for utilities and regional grid operators to evaluate large load flexibility as a planned capacity resource from the start of the resource adequacy process, rather than treating it as a fallback option.
Large loads, particularly data centers, can reduce grid stress through workload shifting, thermal management strategies, and on-site generation. This report focuses on how those capabilities can be quantified and credited in resource adequacy planning constructs before a load connects. By quantifying the capacity value of flexibility, planners can identify what generation investment may be avoided or deferred, providing a data-driven basis for designing tariffs, interconnection agreements, and market rules.
The report includes targeted recommendations for five stakeholder groups: resource adequacy modelers, resource planners at vertically integrated utilities, independent system operator market planners, data center and other large load developers, and regulators. It is one of 11 reports produced by the ESIG Large Loads Task Force, which convened a multi-stakeholder group of independent system operators, utilities, data center operators, regulators, and researchers to examine grid integration challenges across interconnection, operations, planning, and market design.