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WT1 – Generic Wind Model

The WT1 WECC generic wind turbine stability model fort Type I WTGs was developed to simulate the performance of a wind turbine employing a conventional induction generator directly connected to the grid. WT1 is currently implemented in Siemens PTI – Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSSE)[1], GE – Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF)[2], and other simulation programs used in WECC.

The model consists of three components: generator, wind turbine and pseudo governor. The generator is a standard induction generator excluding its inertial equation. The turbine is simply the inertial model of the wind turbine-generator; this model can be used to represent one or two masses. The inertia constant in the single mass representation, H, is equal to the sum of the inertia constants of the generator and the turbine (Hg + Ht). The stiffness constant, K, is a function of the first shaft torsional resonant frequency. This model is used for the Types 1, 2 and 3 generic WTG models. The mechanical power is generated by the pseudo governor model. This model was designed and developed following a thorough investigation of the aero-dynamic characteristics and pitch control of several vendor specific WTG models. The model uses two inputs: rotor speed deviation and generator electrical power. The output is the mechanical power on the rotor blade side. The pseudo governor model is used for the Types 1 and 2 generic WTG models. The turbine governor model represents an attempt to simplify the computation of the aero-torque.[3]

Contents

  • 1 PSSE
    • 1.1 Induction Generator Model (WT1G)
    • 1.2 Turbine Model (WT12T)
    • 1.3 Pseudo Governor Model (WT12A)
  • 2 PSLF
    • 2.1 Induction Generator Model (wt1g)
    • 2.2 Turbine Model (wt1t)
    • 2.3 Pseudo Governor Model (wt1p)
  • 3 References

PSSE

The WT1 modeling package includes 3 main models as follows:

  • Generator model WT1G
  • Wind turbine model WT12T
  • Pseudo turbine-governor model WT12A.

Control input parameters:

  • Most of the parameters are given and unique for a specific turbine.
  • Available in PSSE [1] and PSLF [2]
  • The compensating capacitor is not dynamically modeled but it should be provided and initialized from load flow data.
  • WIND PLANT SPECIFIC ADJUSTMENT:
    • Plant Size (MVA and MWCAP)
    • Dual mass versus single mass

Induction Generator Model (WT1G)

The generator model WT1G is based on the standard PSSE [1] model of the induction generator CIMTR3. This model takes into account the rotor flux dynamics and can be used for single cage or double cage machines. At initialization this model calculates the reactive power consumption of the machine Qact at given terminal voltage and MW-dispatch. It places a “hidden” shunt on the machine terminal bus, with the size equal to a difference between Qgen from the power flow and Qact.

Input data for WT1G
CONs Default Value Description
J 0.846 T open circuit transient time constant, sec. ( >0)
J+1 0.0 T’’, open circuit subtransient time constant,sec. (≥ 0); if T’’= 0, single cage
J+2 3.93 X, synchronous reactance, pu
J+3 0.1773 X’, transient reactance, pu
J+4 0.0 X’’, subtransient reactance, pu (≥ 0); if X’’= 0, single cage
J+5 0.10 Xl, leakage reactance, pu
J+6 1.0 E1
J+7 0.030 S(E1)
J+8 1.20 E2
J+9 0.1790 S(E2)
STATEs Description
K Eq’, transient flux q-component
K+1 Ed’, transient flux d-component
K+2 Eq’’, subtransient flux q-component
K+3 Ed’’, subtransient flux d-component
K+4 Internal
VARs Description
L Admittance of initial condition MVAr difference
L+1 Machine Q
L+2 Telec

Turbine Model (WT12T)

The turbine WT12T model uses the two-mass representation of the wind turbine shaft drive train. It calculates the speed deviations of the rotor on the machine and on the blade sides. By setting the turbine inertia fraction Htfrac = 0 the model can be switched to a conventional single mass representation.

Input data for WT12T
CONs Default Value Description
J 5.30 H, Total inertia constant, sec
J+1 0.0 DAMP, Machine damping factor, pu P/pu speed
J+2 0.925 Htfrac, Turbine inertia fraction (Hturb/H)
J+3 5.00 Freq1, First shaft torsional resonant frequency, Hz
J+4 1.00 Dshaft, Shaft damping factor (pu)
STATEs Description
K Shaft twist angle, rad.
K+1 Turbine rotor speed deviation, pu
K+2 Generator speed deviation, pu
K+3 Generator rotor angle deviation, pu
VARs Description
L Paero on the rotor blade side, pu
L+1 Initial rotor slip
L+2 Initial internal angle
Block Diagram (Dual Mass)

Pseudo Governor Model (WT12A)

The pseudo governor model WT12A is an attempt to simplify and generalize calculation of the aero-torque. This model was designed and developed after thorough investigation of aero-dynamic characteristics and pitch control of several vendor specific wind turbines. Finally the arrangement shown below was suggested. The model uses two inputs, one in terms of the blade rotor speed deviation and another in terms of the real power at the machine terminals. These two inputs combined together are processed by a PI controller with non-wind-up limits. The filtered output is the mechanical power on the rotor blade side which is used by the WT12T model.

Input data for WT12A
CONs Default Value Description
J 0.1500e-01 Droop
J+1 0.10 Kp, proportional gain, pu
J+2 0.1500e-01 Ti, integrator time constant, sec.
J+3 0.10 T1, output filter 1 time constant, sec.
J+4 0.10 T2, output filter 2 time constant, sec.
J+5 0.10 Tp, power filter time constant, sec.
J+6 1.0 Limmax, maximum output limit
J+7 0.25 Limmin, minimum output limit
STATEs Description
K Power filter
K+1 PI integrator
K+2 Output filter 1
K+3 Output filter 2
VARs Description
L Reference
L+1 Power reference
Block Diagram

PSLF

The WT1 modeling package includes 3 main models as follows:

  • Generator model wt1g
  • Wind turbine model wt1t
  • Pseudo turbine-governor model wt1p.

Control input parameters:

  • Most of the parameters are given and unique for a specific turbine.
  • Available in PSSE [1] and PSLF [2]
  • The compensating capacitor is not dynamically modeled but it should be provided and initialized from load flow data.
  • WIND PLANT SPECIFIC ADJUSTMENT:
    • Plant Size (MVA and MWCAP)
    • Dual mass versus single mass

Induction Generator Model (wt1g)

The generator model wt1g is based on the standard PSLF [2] model for an induction generator (genind), but without the mechanical components, i.e., the generator inertia which is included in the turbine model (wt1t). The model is initialized to match the power generation specified in the power flow. The reactive requirements of the generator are met by the addition of a fictitious shunt at the machine terminals.

Input data for wt1g
Variable Default Value Description
Ls 3.93 Synchronous reactance, p.u.
Lp 0.1773 Transient reactance, p.u.
Ra 0.0 Stator resistance, p.u.
Tpo 0.846 Transient rotor time constant, sec.
Se1 0.030 Saturation factor at 1 p.u. flux
Se2 0.179 Saturation factor at 1.2 p.u. flux
Acc 0.5 Acceleration factor for initialization
Lpp 0.0 Sub-transient reactance, p.u.
L1 0.10 Stator leakage reactance, p.u.
Tppo 0.0 Sub-transient rotor time constant, sec.
ndelt 10 Time step subdivision factor.
wdelt 0.80 Speed threshold for subdividing time step, p.u.
Output data for wt1g
Record Level Variable Description
1 vt Terminal voltage, p.u.
1 pg Electrical power, MW
1 qg Reactive power, MVAR
2 it Terminal current, p.u.
2 te Electrical torque, p.u.
Block Diagram

Turbine Model (wt1t)

The turbine wt1t model uses the two-mass representation of the wind turbine shaft drive train. It calculates the speed deviations of the rotor on the machine and on the blade sides. By setting the turbine inertia fraction Htfrac = 0 the model can be switched to a conventional single mass representation.

Input data for wt1t
Variable Default Value Description
H 5.30 Total inertia constant, MW-sec/MVA
D 0.0 Damping factor, p.u. P / p.u. speed
Optional two-mass model:
Htfrac 0.92 Turbine inertia fraction (Ht / H)
Freq1 5.00 First shaft torsional resonant frequency, Hz
Dshaft 1.00 Shaft damping factor, p.u. P / p.u. speed
Output data for wt1t
Record Level Variable Description
1 spd Generator speed, p.u. (ω)
2 wtur Turbine speed, p.u. in two-mass model (ωt)
Block Diagram (Single Mass)


Block Diagram (Dual Mass)

Pseudo Governor Model (wt1p)

The pseudo governor model wt1p is an attempt to simplify and generalize calculation of the aero-torque. This model was designed and developed after thorough investigation of aero-dynamic characteristics and pitch control of several vendor specific wind turbines. Finally the arrangement shown below was suggested. The model uses two inputs, one in terms of the blade rotor speed deviation and another in terms of the real power at the machine terminals. These two inputs combined together are processed by a PI controller with non-wind-up limits. The filtered output is the mechanical power on the rotor blade side which is used by the wt1t model.

Input data for wt1p
Variable Default Value Description
Tpe 0.10 Time constant, sec.
Kdroop 0.015 Droop gain
Kp 0.10 PI proportional gain
Ki 66.667 PI integral gain
Pimax 1.00 PI output maximum limit, p.u.
Pimin 0.25 PI output minimum limit, p.u.
T1 0.10 Time constant, sec.
T2 0.10 Time constant, sec.
Output data for wt1p
Record Level Variable Description
1 pm Mechanical power, MW (Pmech)
Block Diagram

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Siemens Energy, Inc., PSSE Wind Model Library, Schenectady, NY, 2009.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 GE Energy, PSLF Version 17.0_07 User’s Manual, Schenectady, NY, 2010.
  3. ↑ Working Group Joint Report – WECC Working Group on Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation & IEEE Working Group on Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation of the IEEE PES Power Stability Controls Subcommittee of the IEEE PES Power System Dynamic Performance Committee, “Description and Technical Specifications for Generic WTG Models – A Status Report.”

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